Maintaining cellular order is a major logistical challenge: Individual mammalian cells contain billions of protein molecules, ...

Ubiquitin marks proteins for degradation, whereby ubiquitin molecules can be combined in different types and numbers forming different chains. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry ...

Figure 1: Conceptual representation of the differential effect of UBA1 mutations based on the degree of loss of function of ubiquitin E1 enzyme UBA1. (left panel) UBA1, an E1 enzyme, activates ...

E3 ligases are enzymes that act as molecular "broker" by binding specific target proteins and coordinating the transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 enzyme. As an E3 ligase recognizes only a restricted set ...